Fire scince Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fire scince - Assignment Example A compound called alum product poured on suspended particles. Hippocratic sleeve were later found by Hippocrates at around 500BC which they alluded it to as the mending powers. The primary concern done here was sieving of filthy water to acquire clean one. The main pack for separating water was presented during this time. The pack could hold silt that make water grimy creation individuals to have the option to get spotless water for utilization. A few revelations were made and by center Stone Age period, clean water gracefully was not troublesome like previously. Logical disclosures had not been developed in during this time, yet individuals had made huge enhancements towards acknowledging them. The way toward rewarding water isn't as mind boggling as it is dreaded. Companies’ mindful gathers water from all sources in and around the urban areas treats them and sells them back for use. Individuals use water day by day for various reasons, once through with them, they arrange to waste frameworks. This is the significant wellspring of water for these organizations. Waterways, downpour water among others are among different wellsprings of water for treatment. They normally gather sum which is satisfactory for the whole populace to maintain a strategic distance from deficiencies in the urban areas. Water is a significant segment of a large portion of the thing done by a man in his life. It ranges from family, recreational, modern, ecological and horticultural among different employments. It is discovered that 8% of water on the planet goes for family unit utilization. Water for cooking, drinking, washing sanitation, cultivating among others devours this rate. Diminish Gleick assessed fundamental family unit requirement for water at 50 liters for each day. Drinking and cooking water need clean water to maintain a strategic distance from threats of getting ailments, hence bringing the requirement for cleaning water through water administration organizations in any condition. Clean water is called convenient water as they can be devoured at any second without the danger of any contamination. In most first world nations, water conveyed to

The Deer :: essays research papers

It was the center of summer in a modest community called Harvey, in the city of Marquette, Michigan. The street (garage) to my families lodge is truly long it takes about a half-hour just to get to the lodge. Our camp is a practically nothing, interesting, one room in the forested areas. There is a stream the streams around our territory, which is around 8 sections of land. About an a large portion of a mile away there is a once-over lodge that we call "Jack's house". My father consistently said that there was an elderly person Jack, who lived there. He would disclose to us that Jack would watch us around evening time while we were snoozing. As far as anyone knows there was gossip that he ate people and creatures for survival.He even disclosed to us that there were bears all encompassing us, yet I never really observed one. We as a rule go there on ends of the week throughout the late spring for an excursion away from the city, yet some of the time we wind up remaining longer. There isn't generally a lot to do out there, so in the event that we don't get down to business, we go to Presque Isle Island close to our camp. It is situated in Marquette, Michigan, on Lake Superior, which is one of the coldest and greatest of the five Great Lakes. There are enormous shakes out there that we climb called Black Rocks. Other than the stones there are several parks with swings and slides, and a nature way that has a couple of site posts. It is so quiet out there that everything you can hear are the hints of nature. As I pulled up in my vehicle, I halted and started to get out to take a stroll on the nature trail. As I looked into, I saw the deer. There was something in particular about the manner in which his vulnerable eyes looked at me. I gradually began to move toward him. It looked as though he had no expectation for his life left. His hair was exceptionally dainty yet harsh around his neck and legs. There was evaporated blood over his left eye it appeared as though he were in a destructive battle with another deer as of late. I gradually and serenely kept on strolling towards him attempting, however much as could reasonably be expected, not to terrify him in any way." It's alright, I won't hurt you. I need to attempt to assist you with living and be healthy." I said.As I drew nearer to him I could see felt covering two knocks on the highest point of his head.

World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog As shared in a previous entry SIPA does partner with a number of organizations to provide scholarship funding.   The process is always competitive and we cannot guarantee funding to all applicants who are affiliated with partner organizations or specific scholarship programs. We identify most candidates through a mechanism on the the admission application.   In the fellowship portion of the application each applicant has the chance to choose from a drop down list of organizations or scholarship programs they might be affiliated with or for which they have submitted an application for funding. SIPA does partner with the World Bank to provide scholarships and we highly encourage eligible applicants to apply.     The scholarship selection process involves both an application to SIPA and an application for the World Bank scholarship program. Below is a brief description of the program from their Web site: The Joint Japan/ World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (JJ/WBGSP), is in its 23d year. The Program awards scholarships to individuals from World Bank member countries to undertake graduate studies at universities renowned for their development research and teaching. In its Regular Program, the JJ/WBGSP has awarded scholarships to 3,153 scholars chosen from a total of 58,944 applicants. To apply for a JJ/WBGSP scholarship under the Regular Program, an applicant must: * Be a national of a World Bank member country eligible to borrow. * Be born after March 31, 1970. * Have, by March 31, 2010, at least 2, preferably 4 to 5, years of recent full time professional experience acquired after a university degree, in the applicant’s home country or in another developing country. * Hold a bachelors degree or its equivalent. * Be in good health. * Be of good character. * Not be a permanent resident or a national of any industrialized country. * Not be residing in an industrialized country for more than one year. * Not be an Executive Director, his/her alternate, staff of the World Bank Group (the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, International Development Association, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes), consultant, or relative of the aforementioned. Full details and the application can be found by clicking here.   The deadline to apply is March 31st, 2010.   Again, to be considered an admission application to SIPA must be submitted and a separate application for the World Bank Fellowship must be submitted.   After admission selections are made SIPA then works with the World Bank to review qualified candidates for consideration. Good luck and please remember that the SIPA Fellowship Database is a great place to look for additional funding opportunities. World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog As shared in a previous entry SIPA does partner with a number of organizations to provide scholarship funding.   The process is always competitive and we cannot guarantee funding to all applicants who are affiliated with partner organizations or specific scholarship programs. We identify most candidates through a mechanism on the the admission application.   In the fellowship portion of the application each applicant has the chance to choose from a drop down list of organizations or scholarship programs they might be affiliated with or for which they have submitted an application for funding. SIPA does partner with the World Bank to provide scholarships and we highly encourage eligible applicants to apply.     The scholarship selection process involves both an application to SIPA and an application for the World Bank scholarship program. Below is a brief description of the program from their Web site: In 1987, the World Bank, with funding from the Government of Japan, established the World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (WBGSP) for graduate studies in subjects related to economic development. Each year, the Program awards scholarships to individuals from World Bank member countries to undertake graduate studies at renowned universities throughout member countries of the Bank. Now in its 22nd year, the Regular Program has awarded 2,894 scholarships, selected from 56,361 applicants. In addition, 1,106 scholarships have been awarded in the various JJ/WBGSP Partnership Programs for a total of 4,000 awards. To apply for a JJ/WBGSP scholarship under the Regular Program, an applicant must: Be a national of a World Bank member country eligible to borrow. Applicants born before April 1, 1969 will not be considered. Have, by March 31, 2009, a t least 2 years of recent full time professional experience acquired after auniversity degree, in the applicant’s home country or in another developing country. Hold a bachelors degree or its equivalent. Be in good health. Be of good character. Not be a permanent resident or a national of any industrialized country. Not be residing in an industrialized country for more than one year. Full details and the application can be found by clicking here.   The deadline to apply is March 31st, 2009.   Again, to be considered an admission application to SIPA must be submitted and a separate application for the World Bank Fellowship must be submitted.   After admission selections are made SIPA then works with the World Bank to review qualified candidates for consideration. Good luck and please remember that the SIPA Fellowship Database is a great place to look for additional funding opportunities.

Essay on Homelessness and Children - 455 Words

Around the world millions of children are found homeless, sleeping in the streets, under bridges, or on deserted properties. Their days are spent hustling by prostitution or petty crimes. They prey on each other as well as people passing by that they manage to steal from. Yet still this is home to these children, where they are deprived of the most basic human needs, housing, food, and clothing. Since they have no family or relatives and no hope for the future, they have been tagged â€Å"Nobody’s Children† or â€Å"Throw away Kids†, living each day as if it were the last, causing them to become outlaws, which as a result is a threat to the security of the community we live in. There are various reasons that children are found homeless, ranging†¦show more content†¦However some parents are irresponsible in caring for their children. Some parents beat them, sexually abuse them, or throw them out of the family into the streets to fend for themselves, resulting in the child feeling that he or she is better off by his or her self, even living on the streets. Statistics show that sixty percent of the homeless children between eight and seventeen years of age use hallucinating substances, forty percent use alcoholic beverages, sixteen percent are drug addicts, and ninety two percent use tobacco products. In an effort to belong and be loved many of these homeless children find themselves becoming family members to gangs promoting further negativity in their lives. Since they don’t have any marketable skills, they often survive by begging, stealing, and selling their bodies for money. It is not easy to help homeless children because the majority of them are afraid, and they refuse to submit information to authorities. Some homeless children have managed to escape from the homeless condition because of help from kind people and their own willingness to learn and work to overcome the anxieties and insecurities that homelessness offered them. There have been efforts on the part of organizations to solve the problem by means of charities, foster homes, orphanage, and reform. But in spite of these efforts and funds expended by the government the problem continues to rise because solving today’s housing problems and meetingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have lived in or used the services of a homeless shelter. On any given night, as many as 30,000 thousand Canadians experienc e homelessness and as many as 50,000 thousand Canadians may be â€Å"hidden homelessness† victims. In other wordsRead MoreHomelessness Among Families With Children3141 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Homelessness among families with children in an increasing problem in the United States today (Martin, 2014). A single mother with two to three children is among the fastest growing homeless demographic (Bassuk, 2010). Research shows that root causes for homelessness among families with children include, a lack of affordable housing, unemployment, domestic violence and substance abuse. Furthermore, studies support that homelessness negatively affects families with children by resulting inRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Homelessness on Children2115 Words   |  9 Pagesovercome. For thousands of children in the United States, this dream is almost impossible to achieve. These children are a part of the homeless population that is spread throughout the United States. Many times these individuals try to hide this major secret from the rest of the world, but homelessness is very prevalent among these youths today. Various problems occur in these peoples’ lives that others coul d not even begin to understand. Homelessness affects children in every stage of life physicallyRead MoreThe Emotional, Social, And Academic Effects Of Homelessness On Children1291 Words   |  6 Pageseffects of homelessness on children Hardly a day in life goes by without seeing a homeless child trying to survive, especially in developing countries. Unwanted sightings of homeless children happen every day both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increase in divorce and trend in cohabitation has led to an increasing number of children being homeless. As stated in the â€Å" Homeless Facts Children and Homelessness - Some Facts conducted by the Committee on Temporary Shelter, homelessness is ofRead MoreEffects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth2370 Words   |  10 PagesAssigned Materials: â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, â€Å"How Do You Define Poverty, Part 1 and Part 2†, and access information on the number of families living in poverty in your county. Summary of Materials: The article, â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger, and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, provides vast amounts of information and the far reaching effects on lives of the individuals living in those circumstances (â€Å"American Psychology†, n.d.). This problem is notRead MoreMain Causes of Why People Become Homelessness Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness Definition Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who having no home or permanent place, because they cannot afford or unable to maintain a regular and safe shelter. Causes There are three main causes why people are homelessness. The first reason is housing. There is increasing evidence that a growing number of homebody in the private rental market are in housing stress. For example, many people pay more than 35 percent of their income on renting house. In additionRead MoreHelping The Homeless Is A Worthy Cause1502 Words   |  7 Pagespeople, the majority of the time, tend to just walk by without helping, and this is what makes the homeless population relatively large. Many people are affected globally by homelessness, and the population gets larger yearly. Not only does homelessness affect adults, but it also affects teenagers, and sometimes even children. Eventually after people live a homeless life for a while, they begin to develop mental illnesses and life threatening diseases. This is why it is important to try to help themRead MoreWhat Can Be Done to Help the Homeless? Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesempty homes they could be occupying! But alas, they sleep on the streets, beg for money, and scavenge for food in dumpsters, hoping for a way to pull through for the night. Homelessness is important because there are 3.5 million homeless people on the streets, maybe even more (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). They are starving on the streets, desperate for a job and a warm place to sleep. Of those 3.5 million homeless people, 1.7 million are teenagers. 75% of all homeless teensRead MoreHomelessness and Childhood Development Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience homelessness in youth. Homelessness at such an early and integral stage in one’s life presents lasting consequences and we must work to better understand, prevent and reverse the effects of homelessness on children. â€Æ' Homelessness is a widespread issue that in recent years has only worsened with the downturn in the economy and a never-ending war. Of this very vulnerable population however there is within an even more vulnerable population, the children affected by homelessness. We as a societyRead MoreA Vulnerable Population: The Homeless in America919 Words   |  4 PagesHomeless in America Introduction Homelessness in America should be a growing concern. When discussing the United States current economic crisis comparisons with the Great Depression are becoming more and more common. Tent cities or makeshift shelters in specified areas or just beyond city limits are becoming familiar sites across the country. Each of these cities contains dozens if not hundreds of families struggling to just survive (Maide, 2010). Homelessness can be defined as the lack of a

Metro Regional Hospital Rfp For Enterprise Mobility...

GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS Metro Regional Hospital RFP for Enterprise Mobility Management System 1. AGREEMENT A contract or agreement will be released, after award, for any work to be performed as a result of this RFP. The proposal, negotiated terms, and the contract will constitute the complete agreement between Respondent and MRH. If Respondent requires an additional contract, then Respondent should include their sample contract as an attachment to the proposal submitted for review. 2. ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACT AND/OR PAYMENT This contract or agreement is personal to the parties herein and may not be assigned, in whole or in part, by the Respondent without prior written consent of Metro Regional Hospital. The Respondent herein shall not assign payments under this contract or agreement without the prior written consent of Metro Regional Hospital. 3. SUSPENSION OF WORK The Customer may in its sole discretion suspend any or all activities under the Contract or purchase order, at any time, when in the best interests of the State to do so. The Customer shall provide the Respondent written notice outlining the particulars of suspension. Examples of the reason for suspension include, but are not limited to, budgetary constraints, declaration of emergency, or other such circumstances. After receiving a suspension notice, the Respondent shall comply with the notice and shall not accept any purchase orders. Within ninety days, or any longer period agreed to by the Respondent, the

Consumer Behaviour Annotated Bibliography Free Essays

In this article Anisimova investigates the influence of corporate brand on attitudinal and behavioural consumer loyalty. The author uses data gained through a questionnaire distributed through a participating car manufacturer to try to identify corporate brand attributes and consumer loyalty. Their research focuses on five hypotheses that related each corporate brand dimensions to consumer loyalty. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behaviour Annotated Bibliography or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article is useful to my topic, because it identifies linkages between attitude and behaviour can be increased through brand personality. It also identifies that core values and personality are important paths to consumer loyalty. The main limitation of the article is that the research focused on one industry only (car industry), where brand loyalty is easier to determine. Thus the author indicate that further, more extensive, research needs to be undertaken to develop a more in-depth understanding of branding strategies in wider industries would be beneficial. This article will not form the basis of my research; however it will be useful supplementary information. Kaltcheva, V. D. and Parasuraman, A. 009, ‘Personality-Relatedness and Reciprocity Framework for Analyzing Retailer-Consumer Interactions’, Journal of Business Research’, Vol 62, Iss 6, pp 601 – 608 This article investigates four relational models for classifying retailer-consumer interactions to define the Personality-Relatedness and Reciprocity relational framework. The article investigates the use of this framework to identify t arget relational positioning, analyse actual relational positioning, formulate strategies to reach target and assess the effectiveness of these strategies. The article is useful to my topic, because it identifies the importance consumers place on retailer’s personality and the difference between consumer’s and retailer’s outcomes. The main limitation of the article is that the research is at an intermediate level that will inform propositions for future research. This article will not form the basis of my research; however it will be useful supplementary information. Capelli, S. and Helme-Guizon, A. , 2008, ‘Temperament: Measurement and Impact on Consumer Behaviour’, Recherche et Applications en Marketing, Vol 23, Iss 1. This article translates a measurement tool for temperament. The authors compare personality traits, and explores how it impacts on purchasing behaviours. The author uses data gained through a questionnaire distributed through a participating car manufacturer to try to identify corporate brand attributes and consumer loyalty. Their research focuses on five hypotheses that related each corporate brand dimensions to consumer loyalty. The article is useful to my topic, because it identifies linkages between attitude and behaviour can be increased through brand personality. It also identifies that core values and personality are important paths to consumer loyalty. The main limitation of the article is that the research focused on one industry only (car industry), where brand loyalty is easier to determine. Thus the author indicate that further, more extensive, research needs to be undertaken to develop a more in-depth understanding of branding strategies in wider industries would be beneficial. This article will not form the basis of my research; however it will be useful supplementary information. How to cite Consumer Behaviour Annotated Bibliography, Papers

Counseling Ethics Decision Making Process

Question: Discuss about the Counseling Ethics Decision Making Process. Answer: Introduction: A moral or ethical dilemma arises when an individual encounters confusion in choosing between two options, each of which seems to have equally strong grounds to be chosen, and yet the person cannot choose both or more than a single alternative. The healthcare experts often encounter serious ethical moral dilemmas in situations which involve offering an ineffective life-sustaining therapy to a terminally ill person, or applying Euthanasia to a dying patient. However, the case of Susan Lee was indeed an exception. The 57 year old Singaporean surgeon had been making headlines in the newspapers since 2011, as she was accused of having charged an exorbitantly high amount of money while treating the sister of the Brunei Queen. The moral dilemma arising here is that should a doctor charge a hefty amount of $24.8 million simply because she was treating a member of the royal family, or should she charge the exactly same fee for each patient, irrespective of the economic or social differences (Christensen et al., 2014). On the one hand, it can be argued that even if Susan had charged an exorbitant amount of money from the royal family, they had been easily able to afford the huge sum of money, and hence one should not make a big story out of it. On the other hand, the counter-argument here is that a doctor should have an ethical obligation of curing and nursing her patient instead of trying to form a transactional relationship with her. However, the purpose of the essay is to resolve the inherent ethical dilemma that Susan Lim is confronting, and helping her resolve her dilemma with the help of the 8-step ethical decision model (Heyler et al., 2016). Discussion: The 8-step ethical decision model is a special model that helps one to resolve any dilemma by breaking down a problem by each step, examining the consequences, assessing the gravity of each consequence on the people involved, and thereby ultimately choosing the most befitting solution. The first step that needs to be concerned in this model is the identification of the problem. As far as the Susan Lim case is concerned, it has been observed that Susan Lim, the Singaporean surgeon is encountering a dilemma between two potential alternatives. On the one hand she deems it perfect to overcharge a patient who belongs to an affluent family, and can pay a lump sum amount of money in lieu of the high quality treatment she will deliver. However, on the other hand, she is aware that as a doctor her primary obligation lies in restoring health to a patient, regardless of the monetary benefits she is likely to receive through the same. Consequently, developing such transactional relation with a p atient might not only land Susan in trouble, but she would also have to violate the ethical codes of conduct of her profession. The next step here is the identification of the potential issues involved. The major ethical issue involved in this case is that despite being a healthcare expert who is entrusted with the duty of protecting the life of a patient, Susan is inclined to focus more on the materialistic benefits of her profession, rather than the professional obligation. She believes in overcharging the medical fee from a royal family that is unacceptable. On the other hand, there is no rigid rule as to how much a practitioner can charge from his patient, if he is treating him on a personal basis (Grant-Kel et al., 2016). Hence, the other issue here is who is going to determine the ethicality of the situation, as there is no strict ethical guideline in the healthcare industry as to how much can a physician charge his client for, in lieu of the service he is providing (Anderson Anderson, 2014). While the professional virtue is an important issue here, the business consideration is equally an important is sue. For Susan, offering healthcare service is her vocation, and she makes her living out of that. Hence, the other argument here is that if a business man can charge huge amount of money for the ordinary goods sold by him, is it unethical for Susan to charge huge amount of money from a patient who is capable of paying the same? The third step here is reviewing the ethical guidelines. As far as the ethical guidelines are concerned, there are little or no guideline is being formulated that can eliminate the commerciality of the health practitioners. Although the Singaporean High Court has twice announced that each health practitioner has a primary obligation towards the well-being of the patient, and thus he should refrain from overcharging a patient, there are no strict laws about the same. The ethical guidelines of the healthcare industry state that a health practitioner will always have a higher ethical duty towards the well-being of his patient, which should always triumph over his materialistic considerations (Jonsen, 2015). The next step to consider here is that it is necessary to know the relevant laws and regulations concerned here. Although there is no strict law against overcharging, and it is assumed that a patient would charge minimal amount of out his own accord, if a physician is being continually accused of overcharging the fee, he would be sued for professional misconduct and end up paying a huge amount of money as part of the penalty. The next step involved in this model, is that consultation has to be obtained from other experts about the ethicality of the decision to be taken (Doval et al., 2015). The Court as well as the Medical Council Board of Singapore has clearly stated that a doctor can never charge a fee higher than the market rate. Even if the patient agrees to the higher medical cost involved, the High Court of Singapore makes it a mandate that the ethical obligations of a patient should under any circumstance get an upper hand over any contractual obligations. In the next stage, it is important to consider the possible course of action, and act accordingly. Here, Susan is left with two alternatives- either she can consider the option of overcharging the patient, driven by her desire to achieve greater profit in her profession, or she can respect the ethical codes of conduct of her vocation, and charge the market fee, overlooking that the patient belongs to an affluent family. The seventh step to consider here is to weigh and assess the consequence of each possible course of action. As far as the first course of action is concerned, it is being observed that the patients family can accuse Susan of having overcharged the medical fee, and that is likely to ruin the reputation of the doctor, and can also mar the public attitude towards the ethical integrity of the doctors. Besides, the first alternative has a high probability of landing him amidst legal troubles as well (Chattopadhyay, 2015). On the other hand, if the second alternative is to be chosen, that is if Susan is prevented from choosing the option of overcharging her patient, the patients family would not accuse her or her family of anything wrong, and she would not have to encounter any legal penalty for having breached the moral codes of medical ethics. She would be able to remain true to her professional obligations as well. After considering and assessing the possible consequences of each action, it has been observed that Susan has two possible alternatives to act on, and given the choice to choose the right one, she should always choose the second alternative. The reason behind choosing the second alternative lies in the fact that Susan would face undesirable legal issues on overcharging a patient. The Singaporean government has mandated that a doctor should only charge fair and reasonable fees from his patients, and he should not prioritize his commercial benefits over ethical responsibility towards a patient. Although there is no ethical limit, as to what fee should be charged, if the patients family accuses the doctor of overcharging, she might end up paying $10000 in the form of penalty. Besides, if Susan would be legally sued, this might have a negative impact on her career prospects as well. Considering this, she should choose not to overcharge her patient, and even if she intends to charge high considering her expertise, the amount should be moderately high (Weaver, 2016). Susan Lims action of overcharging a patient, violating her ethical obligations towards a patient cannot be justified to be ethically a right alternative at all. However, if one has to defend her action, and comprehend the reason why she chose the option, the theory of Moral Subjectivism should be chosen. According to the theory of Moral Subjectivism, an action can be regarded to be morally right or wrong in accordance with what the subject, or the perpetrator of the action considers to be right or wrong. Thus, no action, according to this theory is intrinsically right or wrong, and if the subject deems his action to be ethically right, the action is right, regardless of what the social norms claim. As far as Susan Lim is concerned, she overcharges the medical fee, that is considered to be wrong as it is violating the ethical codes of conduct a medical expert is expected to follow. Susan Lim herself was well-aware that she was not charging an exorbitant amount of money from an impover ished or financially insolvent person, but rather she was charging a hefty amount from a member of the Royal family. The patient or her family, according to Susan, were financially powerful enough to afford the medical bill, without any difficulty (Barker, 2013). Another majo reason as to why Susan might have done this, or undergone the moral dilemma is that the dctor was one of the most recognized surgeons of Singapore, and hence she deemed it perfectly right to charge high, considering her higher skills and more acknowledged expertise. Susan herself might argue as well that despite being involved in a vocation that serves the welfare of the public, she just like any other person intends to earn penny through her profession. Thus, while a private tutor might sell his service at a higher fee, or a business man might sell his cookies at a higher price, she also wanted to sell her service in lieu of a higher amount. The theory of moral subjectivism claims that the rightness of an acti on solely depends on the thoughts and opinions of the perpetrator. Consequently, if one looks at Susan, one can find that Susans argument can well justify her position and the reason of her action. According to this moral theory, it is vain to criticize and judge the actions of other people, sa not only every one acts in their own interests, but each man works in accordance with what he feels to be a right action. Susan herself thought that her medical profession was the only source of income for her, and resultantly she chose to hike her fee, considering the expertise nad recognition she has earned over the years. Although in this way, with the help of the above theory, one may easily justify the moral position of Susan Lim, it is important to have a look at the limitations of this theory as well. As far as the theory is concerned, the rightness of an action is determined I terms of what the subject deemed to be right. Hwever, the major limitation of the theory lies in the fact that to each perpetrator of an action, his own perspective is right. Very few people suffer from a sense of repentence and accept that his action was wrong. Now, if one has to consider the rightness of an action in terms of the perspective of the doer, almost every action, including the wrong ones, have to be deemed to be right. Each action as such would have to be considered to be just. The thief stealing someone elses property must be justified if one has to consider that his perspective was right, as he wanted to bring money to his home at the expense of the hard work of other people (Tan, 2016). Hence in justifying the case of Susan Lim with the help of this theory lies in the fact that Susan Lim was wrong in her choice, and yet she thought that her action was right according to her perspectives. However, it is important to use ones own judgment and discretion, and object to an action, that is considered to be morally objectionable, regardless of what the subject thinks. Conclusion: To conclude, it should be noted that overcharging a patient is not legally or ethically acceptable. It should be noted that Susan or doctors like her often face an ethical dilemma, as they want to charge high and yet understand that the same is not an ethical option. However, it is important to resolve the ethical dilemma, and Susan should remember that she should comply by the ethical obligations of her profession, or else she might face penalty or imprisonment of 3 years. Considering this, Susan is being advised to refrain from overcharging the patient. Reference List: Anderson, M., Anderson, S. L. (2014, July). GenEth: A General Ethical Dilemma Analyzer. InAAAI(pp. 253-261). Barker, K. (2013). The Island Has Its Reasons: Moral Subjectivism in Fiction. Chattopadhyay, S. (2015). Corruption in Healthcare and medicine.Indian Journal of Medical Ethics,10(3), 153-189. Christensen, J. F., Flexas, A., Calabrese, M., Gut, N. K., Gomila, A. (2014). Moral judgment reloaded: a moral dilemma validation study.Frontiers in psychology,5, 607. Doval, H. C., Tajer, C. D., Borracci, R. A., Nuez, C., Samarelli, M., Tamini, S. (2015). Survey on Ethical Conduct Thresholds in Cardiologal Medical Practice in Argentina.Developing world bioethics,15(2), 68-75. Grant-Kels, J. M., Kim, A., Graff, J. (2016). Billing and up coding: Whatsa doctor-patient to do?.International Journal of Women's Dermatology,2(4), 149-150. Heyler, S. G., Armenakis, A. A., Walker, A. G., Collier, D. Y. (2016). A qualitative study investigating the ethical decision making process: A proposed model.The Leadership Quarterly,27(5), 788-801. Jonsen, A. R., Siegler, M., Winslade, W. J. (2015).Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine, 8E. McGraw Hill Professional. Lim, J., Lee, D. (2013). Re-making Singapore healthcare. InSingapore Perspectives 2012: Singapore Inclusive: Bridging Divides(pp. 61-79). Tan, S. H. (2016). The Problems with Moral Subjectivism. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Why did Romeo and Juliet die Essay Example

Why did Romeo and Juliet die? Paper Consider the major factors which may have played at in their death and comment on which you think is the most significant. From forth the fatal loins of these to foes A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous overthrows We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Romeo and Juliet die? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Romeo and Juliet die? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Romeo and Juliet die? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Doth with their death bury their parents strife. From the opening scenes of the play it is made clear that these two children of the feuding families were destined to fall in love and eventually die together, but was it the actions of their friends that brought about their deaths or could it be that their deaths were just inevitable? Most people choose to believe that they have a sense of responsibility and can control their own lives; they suppose that their problems are caused by their own actions or by those influencing them. In my opinion though, Romeo and Juliet had no control what so ever, fate brought them together their lives were already mapped out for them and there was nothing to impair this. Romeo and Juliet could not have avoided coming in contact with each other, they were brought together by uncontrollable circumstances (fate). There were many events that conspired against Romeo and Juliet, for example the family feud. The brawl in Act 1 Scene 1 is ceased by Prince Escales who said If you ever disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. However the Prince failed to stay loyal to his word, Romeos banishment and the fate involved with it is a prime factor in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. In Act1 Scene1 the Princes words were quite the contrary. Was it intentional that a man of such high standard would go back on his word? However, if Mercutio had not taunted Tybalt in town whilst out with Romeo and Benvolio, Romeo would never of got into his fight with Tybalt and therefore would not have been banished. Perhaps, however, the fight initiated by Mercutio that hapless day was inevitable: could it be that Romeo was somehow destined to be exiled? Romeos famous words in Act3 Scene1 signify the point in the play where the tragedy really begins. This days black fate on moe days doth depend This but begins the woe others must end Romeos exile poisons all possibility of happiness for himself and Juliet. His exile causes Juliet great sorrow, greater than if he had been executed. Her parents, Lord and Lady Capulet were oblivious to the fact that Juliet was pining for Romeo and not Tybalt. They did not even consider her feelings when arranging her marriage to Paris, but why were they so determined? Was it because they loved their daughter and wanted to see her happy? No, Capulet only agreed to the marriage because Paris was of a higher status than them, so it would increase theirs in turn. Capulet did not care whether Juliet loved him or not, for she did not have a choice of whom she was to be married to. As a consequence of Capulets determination he drove his daughter to her own death. Was this deliberate or just fate? In my opinion it was fate, which caused the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. In the Oxford Dictionary fate is the inevitable destiny or necessity destined term of life; doom. Basically fate can be described as a preplanned sequence of events influencing ones life. Fate was the sole contributor to the deaths of the young lovers but there are more possibilities that I have to consider before I make my final decision. Chance and coincidence played a small part in the play, during the course of Act1 Scene2, the contrary happened, and happened by chance. As Romeo and Benvolio were nearing a public area a Capulet servant stopped them. After Romeo had read the guest list to the Capulet party Benvolio suggested that to relieve himself from the sadness for Rosaline, Romeo should attend the party and compare Rosalines beauty to the other female guests. An example of coincidence is evident here. If Rosaline had not been attending, Benvolio would not have encouraged Romeo attend which lead to him meeting Juliet. The encounter with the servant in the city set off an unlikely chain of events, but why out of all the people did he pick Romeo and Benvolio? Romeo and Juliets feelings were very strong, or so they thought. But why were they in such a hurry to get married when they knew their love could never be accepted as their families despised each other? Surely they knew deep down that their love was bound to end in tragedy but they were to afraid to talk about the consequences that their love could cause. Personally I believe in love at first sight but Romeo and Juliet rushed into marriage without knowing whether the feelings that they were experiencing were true or lasting. I think that in a way they did love each other, their love appeared to be unconditional because they would rather die than lose each other. Romeo and Juliet did love each other, their love contrasts with the hate of the feud. In Act1 Scene1 Romeo thought that he was in love with Rosaline but that was just a mere infatuation with her beauty not Rosaline herself, but when he spies Juliet for the first time he says: Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. This shows that Romeos emotions are not deep: he is quickly moved to another girl or infatuation, Juliets beauty shows his fickle nature. Although I think that Romeo does love Juliet I do not think that his feelings are a strong as he makes out. Their first meeting is heavy with religious imagery, If I profane with my unworthtiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. The religious language used in this scene makes Romeo and Juliet sound pure and innocent. Romeo sneaks into the Capulet gardens after the party, he is flirting with the possibility of being caught and killed just to see Juliet. He overhears her declaration of love, they accept the social isolation of their love. This proves that they do not love each other that much because surely if they did then they would confess everything to their families but they clearly do not think that their love would survive if they did. Juliet has a heavy premonition when she says: I have no joy of this contract tonight, It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden. The feud affects everything, Romeo and Juliet know that they were taking an almighty risk but they cannot help the way they feel or can they? The feud is inescapable, but Tybalt appears to be the only member of both families that is keeping the hatred alive. Even Capulet ordered Tybalt tolerate Romeo at their ball because he did not want Tybalt causing havoc. He shall be endured What, goodman boy, I say he shall, go to! He thinks that he is defending the honor of his family; he kills to defend his name. Tybalt does not think before he acts, Romeo is banished because of his sneaky actions. How can Romeo allow Mercutios death to go unavenged? The feud is purely about honor and money; they fight to defend their family name and that is all that matters. Capulet and Montague do not care who they hurt in the process, as long as they are not humiliated. The actions of some characters greatly influence the course of events in the play, the Nurse, Juliets committed servant who treated her almost like her daughter, (this might be because she lost her own daughter) changed the course of events by going behind Lord and Lady Capulets backs. If the Nurse had not preformed Juliets bidding and acted as her messenger, it is possible that Juliet would have given up on the idea of marriage to Romeo and the couples death would have been averted. However, there is a strong possibility that regardless of the Nurses influence, the couple would still have gone ahead with their doomed marriage once they had fallen in love. Friar Lawrence, Romeos confidant and assistant of Juliet in her final plan, changed the course of events by helping the young couple in their plans to marry and assisting Juliet in her scheme to be with Romeo once again. He is shown collecting plants and herbs to ensure that the audience knows about his knowledge and authority of the properties of plants when he gives Juliet the sleeping draught. If the Friar had not agreed to marry Romeo and Juliet, it is again possible that they would have given up on the idea of being together. On the other hand, Romeo and Juliet had been fated to marry and would have partaken in the ceremony one way or another no matter what the Friars decision. The Friar is portrayed as a spiritual guide to Romeo and a surrogate parent whom Romeo can confide his most private thoughts. The Friar only agreed to the marriage of Romeo and Juliet because he believed that their love could help impair the feud. In one respect Ill thy assistant be. For this alliance may so happy prove, To turn your households rancour to pure love. Friar Lawrence and the Nurse both act as instruments of fate. Juliets parents, Lord and Lady Capulet changed the course of the play by being so persistent and self-obsessed, they do love Juliet in their own way but they care more about status and money than they do about their own daughter. If Capulet had not agreed to the marriage of Paris and his daughter, Juliet would never have been forced to take such drastic actions that lead to her and Romeos deaths. So why did Romeo and Juliet die? Was it down to chance, no. Adolescent passion, slightly. The feud, partly. The actions of the Nurse, Friar Lawrence and the Capulets are mainly to blame. In my opinion though, the soul contributor to the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliets death was fate. Nowadays, most people do not have much time for the theory of fate. They like to think that they can control their own destiny. But what if all our actions are already planned out, and no matter what we do the ultimate consequence will be the same? Some people argue that Shakespeare wanted us to believe this was the case with Romeo and Juliet.

jones essays

jones essays From the readings in this class there was one sentence that I thought could be compared to a work of art. The past is never there waiting to be discovered, to be recognized for exactly what it is.. I believe this has a correlation with the Cave painting in Lascaux, France. The Cavemen made these paintings hidden deeply in caves far away from where anyone else could see them. These hidden paintings that were found in the 1940s will always be a mystery. What were their thoughts and reasoning behind the paintings? Back in September 1940, sixty years ago, four teenagers traveling the hills of Perigord, in search of a passageway of local folklore, stumbled across an entrance to a cave. The entrance had been sealed for around 15,000 years. Simon Coencas, Georges Agnel, Marcel Ravidat, Jacques Marsal, found the hidden cave art of the past. The boys did not have equipment to search the caves so they decided to return the next day. Returning with equipment they explored the cave. Prehistoric paintings of deer, bison, and other animals covered the walls. The news of Lascaux traveled fast and the cave was accessible to the public. People came from all over the world to see the cave. The heavy traffic of visitors and change of atmosphere caused the colors and details of the art to fade and almost disappear. The once perfectly preserved, highly detailed prehistoric mural paintings could have been ruined by the large numbers of people going through the cave. In 1963, the cave was closed from public viewing. Only scientists could go into the cavesof Lascaux. Nowadays the cave has been returned to its initial state before discovery. It is now watched from a remote location by the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques. They record the slightest difference in hygrometry, temperature, and carbon dioxide gas. The cave paintings of Lascaux were discoved in the mid 1900s in France. These ...

Smart card Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart card - Case Study Example This proved to be a hindrance to the growth of the car because of the high waiting time. 2. There were 4 models of the car: Smart fortwo pure model for $11,590; Smart fortwo Passion Coupà © for $13,590; Smart fortwo Passion Cabriolet for $16,590; and smart fortwo BRABUS for 17,990 (smart fortwo, 2009). The advantages of owning a Smart Car includes low price, and low expenditure on fuel. However, the disadvantage is that only 2 people can be seated in the basic versions. The target customers for Smart Car are the small sized-families with no or one child with low budget. Those who have high travelling requirements also may intend to buy this car. This is because of its high fuel efficiency and low price. Before purchasing the car, it should be made sure that the car follows the safety features of USA. 3. In order to market the product, the company conducted city-tours, introduced the concept of Smart Towers in order to build the brand image. The car is marketed as a fuel-efficient, affordable stylish smart vehicle. The strategies shall be very effective in countries such as China because of the price range, and the fuel-efficiency of the car. Road shows in the major cities will help it get focus. The company shall try to get more mileage in road shows, have celebrity endorsers and the focus shall be to highlight the high fuel-efficiency and low price range aspect of the car. 4. The Smart Car which witnessed high demands during the time of launch has taken a drop in demand owing to similar launches by other companies. Various reasons can be attributed to this drop: Economic slowdown; Availability of more such products; poor distribution network. In order to boost the sales, the company needs to improve its marketing and branding exercises. The company also needs to improve its distribution channels. The company shall try to include Mercedes-Benz and smart car centers in the overall distribution channels rather than just relying on the

How Generation Y is Fitting into Today's Workforce Research Paper

How Generation Y is Fitting into Today's Workforce - Research Paper Example Generations values and concerns for an organization will always evolve with time, and employers who understand each generations perspective and the powers that shaped it, will have an upper hand when leveraging talent. Most employers are experiencing intergenerational conflicts; Boomers think Generation X tend to be impatient, Generation X view Boomers as being inflexible, while the both generations, consider generation Y spoilt for choice. Generation Y, on the other hand, view them as conservative and out of fashion (Nicole A. Lipkin 43). Generation Y, also referred to as GenMe or Gen Y can simply be described as the generation aged around eighteen to twenty five years that are motivated and technology savvy. Their behaviors and habits constrain their way of communication, working, acting, and how they relate to people. In other terms, this generation pertains to demographic cohort born between late seventies to mid nineties. This generation is heavily reliant on modern digital tech nology and media and expects fast information and entertainment due to its cultural diversity (Nicole A. Lipkin 45). Generation Y is adapting to the current workforce in several ways. With the current, competitive markets, most jobs require highly competent personnel, and Generation Y seem to always demand leadership roles, or perhaps climb the corporate ladder within a few months of their employment. This generation believes it deserves the position it demands, with or without experience. They expect immediate gratification resulting from their childhood, and do not intend to stay in the same position longer; they demand to be at the top of the organization within a short time. Employees of generation Y prefer performing their tasks remarkably and faster compared to their co-workers (Jean M. Twenge 8). Considering that a majority of the current workforce is headed for retirement, Gen Y is entering the workforce during a demographic shift. Considering that there might be a shortage of skilled workers, after boomers retire. Gen Y have been more tolerant of others opinions enabling them adapt ideas from older generations. With globalization becoming a current world trend, most of the Gen Y prefer being self-employed, rather than work for someone else. Although few among them succeed due to high start up rates. Globalization has encouraged Gen Y employees to join Unions, where they can share their views, exchange ideas, and find solutions concerning employment issues with members of other countries, and also act of a channel for learning new ideas (Jean M. Twenge 12). The current workforce demands vast ideas to be able to compete globally, and Gen Y does not only assist in replacing boomers, they bring with them fresh and better ideas, and tend to be a motivated and enthusiastic workforce. Gen Y is also widely using the media in redefining their career opportunities, ensuring they are up-to date with the relevant, required skills, and are aware of the jobs on dem and. For this generation, a decent job is not only defined by the monetary gains. Their selection for positions is driven by their behaviors. They do not take a job aimlessly, but because they feel motivated working there, implying that Gen Y is more focused on making a difference in their company and the society. As organizations demand, Gen Y appreciates technology only; when it is significant to them. Gen Y prefer filling an employment application online, and

Effects of Technology on Modern Day Architecture and Design

Effects of Technology on Modern Day Architecture and Design Architecture has revolutionized and changed in the twenty-first century compared to the nineteen century due to technology. Even though many factors have played major roles in the changing of architecture, technology has played the most important role for architectural change. Architecture and technology will be two terms that will be used throughout this paper. According to the Webster dictionary, architecture is defined as the art or science of designing and creating buildings while technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Technology nowadays plays an important role in our societies since most buildings especially condos and houses are way different compared to the ones that were built in the nineteen century. Today’s buildings/condos in our societies are now built mostly through the use of digital visualization technologies that are purposely planned to create certain kinds of impression and atmosphere in our soci ety. Technology and architecture goes hand in hand as both terms benefit from each other due to the fact that technology has helped architects in drawing their designs more effectively and efficiently instead of using their hands. This essay will aim to analyze how modern technologies are operating as a key part of architecture and design, whether technology is having a positive or negative impact on architecture and architectural work methods. There will also be a discussion on Computer-aided design (CAD). In relating it to the course, this paper will mostly touch on hyper change since its evident that technology is indeed changing how individuals perceive and understand objects and structures. The most important technology/software that this essay will look at is the Computer-aided design (CAD) and Geographic Information System (GIS) and how both have affected architecture and design. At the moment, technology has totally revolutionized our city we live in and our way of living. W alking around downtown Toronto and seeing buildings such as the OCAD building and the Royal Ontario museum indicates how far buildings have change due to technology. Looking at how far technology has brought architecture, it’s safe to say that technology will open new worlds by assisting in the making of new materials to construct buildings. Notes on modern architecture by Antoine Picon shows that architecture has been closely related to technology since the nineteen century and argues that modernism’s tendency towards architecture has made it possible to elevate the living settings of the masses. Scholars such as Banham have argued that technology certainly has shaped architecture throughout history. Examples such as the creation of the Flying Buttress in Europe allowed Master Builders to restore the enormous walls of Romanesque churches, the Etruscan keystone arch allowed the Roman Empire to make tough and strong bridges. The most outstanding example is the development of skyscrapers which was made possible by the invention of mass produced steel and safety elevators. In the world, the tallest skyscraper is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai while in Toronto, the highest skyscraper is the CN Tower but the tallest inhabitable is the First Canadian Place. Banham looks at how technology should be considered as an essential part of architecture but does not really discuss the effects and impacts technology is having on modern day architecture. This essay will tackle this issue and expand on the ideas Banham out forward in his book and other scholarly works by different authors. This research paper will have an introduction where major terminologies that will be used throughout the paper will be defined. The introduction will also have the thesis and the arguments supporting the thesis. The next section of this paper will solely discuss Computer-aided design (CAD), the types of CAD and the contributions that this software has made to architecture and design. The next section will look at will be the advantages and disadvantages of technology on architecture. Research shows that indeed technology has had a positive effect on architecture so these advantages will be explored further. Lastly, this paper will look at what technology can do for architecture in the future. In conclusion, this paper will summarize all the arguments and points put together and opinions of scholars will also be touched upon. Annotated Bibliography Banham, R. (1984).The architecture of the well-tempered environment(2nd ed). London: Architectural Press. In this book, the author points out that technology, human needs, and environmental concerns are all interconnected and all of them play a vital part in the development of architecture. He argues that technological and mechanical advancements in simple areas such as ventilation, heating and other 20th century designs needs more attention since architecture is not just about designs and buildings but also the mechanical systems that makes them work.. Crouch, D. P. (1985).History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. In this book, Crouch tackles architecture from a historic point of view from the Stonehenge in England to the skyscrapers which are seen around the world mostly in developed countries. Crouch talks about basically how far architecture has come as she explores architecture in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Crouch argues that architecture is now developing into a science-based due to the progression of technology. Donald, Watson (1984). Architecture, Technology, and Environment. Journal of Architectural Education Vol. 51, No. 2 (Nov., 1997), pp. 119-126 Published by:Taylor Francis, Ltd.on behalf of theAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc. URL: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 In this journal, Donald argues that a small number of architectural educators dismiss the fact that technology is part of architecture and he insists that both architecture and technology are dependent on each other. Donald also argues that technology puts greater emphasis and higher expectations on architecture due to the fact that technology in architecture is not just about simply the beautiful structures and buildings we see but it is about the knowledge and information the society as a whole gain in the making of these structures. Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o, J. L., Lindner, R., Schlechtendahl, E. G. (. G. (1990).Computer aided design: Fundamentals and system architectures(2nd ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. This book explains the computer aided design software in particularly how it works, its principles, ways and how it has helped in the development and revolution of architecture. Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o and his co-authors identifies the main components of CAD and they concluded by showing the steps involve in making this machine Heynen, Hilde. (1999).Architecture and modernity: A critique. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. This author suggests a remarkable outline of investigation that explains the history of modern movements and difficulty it has faced. Hilde tries to connect modern movement and cultural theory of modernity. Hilde argues that architecture and modernity relies relatively greatly on the kind of modernity being created. Hilde asks the question â€Å"what relations exist or ought to exist between architecture and modernity?† .So with this asked, she explores how architecture and modernity is connected. Karl D. Stephan. (2005). Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design. Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html According to this journal review by Karl, technology has always been part of human society. The author talks about technological creativeness and vision throughout the years. Karl argues that science and engineering has come together and its pushing architecture to a new and different level never imagined before from the pyramids of Egypt to now skyscrapers seen around the world. Karl talks about the framework involve in skyscraper developments especially that of the Chicago’s Sears Tower as he builds on the ideas of F. R. Khan’s influence important on skyscraper design. Le Corbusier. (1952). Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. In this book, Le Corbusier book talks about architecture and the society as he wrote about new advancements that we see today in our communities today. He parallels the speed of which architecture is growing with that of the advancement in the society. Le Corbusier also addresses five principles of modern architecture, mass production and industrialization. Rivard, H. (2000). A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), v.5, p.37 In this survey, researches aim in determining the impact of technology on architecture, construction and engineering. This survey proved that all architects now have access to computer and only one percent of the architects that answered the questionnaire study indicated that they do not use computers to help them with their work. The survey proved that truly most when it comes to the drawing of design most architects use CAD. This survey showed technology is an essential part of architecture, construction and engineering field now and almost every individual that works in these fields rely on them to help him/her work efficiently. Stephenson, S. (2007).The integration of technology into a landscape architecture graduate program: A case study.(Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto (Canada)).ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 232. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618?accountid=15182 This is a case study show the ways in which technology is contributing to the landscape of architecture and the difficult process involved in it. The study mostly touches on design process and studio culture while it looks at how technology has affected this area either in a positive, neutral or negative way. Throughout this paper, it’s clear that technology has change landscape architecture especially when it comes to how materials are produced and how designers all over the world are able to contact each other in a matter of seconds due to technology. Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri (2013). New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences Vol 1 Issue 3: 70-80 In this article, Azarshahr et al argues that the use of technology results in the establishment of flawless and perfect buildings and technology has always been a part of architecture as Azarshahr et al describes two types of technology: traditional technology and modern technology. According to these authors, traditional technology has not been documented as much compared to modern technology and this modern technology has led to the computerization and industrialization of architecture. REFERENCES Banham, R. (1984).The architecture of the well-tempered environment(2nd ed). London: Architectural Press. Crouch, D. P. (1985).History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Donald, Watson (1984). Architecture, Technology, and Environment. Journal of Architectural Education Vol. 51, No. 2 (Nov., 1997), pp. 119-126 Published by:Taylor Francis, Ltd.on behalf of theAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc. URL: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o, J. L., Lindner, R., Schlechtendahl, E. G. (. G. (1990).Computer aided design: Fundamentals and system architectures(2nd ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. Heynen, Hilde. (1999).Architecture and modernity: A critique. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Karl D. Stephan. (2005). Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design. Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from  http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html Le Corbusier. (1952). Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. Rivard, H. (2000). A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), v.5, p.37 Stephenson, S. (2007).The integration of technology into a landscape architecture graduate program: A case study.(Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto (Canada)).ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 232. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618?accountid=15182 Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri (2013). New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences Vol 1 Issue 3: 70-80

Defining Moments in Canada Essay

Defining Moments in Canadian History During the 20th century, there were many events and situations that helped define the country of Canada. There were positive moments, but also a good amount of negative ones. Of course, the successful events kept Canadians in a positive light, but the negative situations helped Canada learn from its mistakes and went to prove how strong and brave its citizens were/are. The three most defining moments would have to be the Dieppe Raid, the Invasion of Normandy, and the Battle of Vimy Ridge. These three events not only assisted the country to become what it has today, but has also defined what the nation has become. The first defining moment of the 20th century was the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This particular battle was a military engagement located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France during World War I. The main fighters were Canadian Corps against the German army. The battle took place from April 9 to 12, 1917. This was the beginning stage for the Battle of Arras, led by the British. â€Å"The Canadian Corps was ordered to seize Vimy Ridge in April 1917. Situated in northern France, the heavily-fortified seven-kilometre ridge held a commanding view over the Allied lines. The Canadians would be assaulting over an open graveyard since previous French attacks had failed with over 100,000 casualties. â€Å"(Cook) Main objectives were to take control over German-held high ground along an extensive escarpment. Doing so would allow the southern flank to advance without having to be heavily worried about enemy fire. With support from a nearby barrage, Canadians were able to capture most of the ridge within the first day of attack. The town of Thelus fell the second day, as did the crest of the ridge. The final objective was to capture another ridge located outside the town of Givenchy-en-Gohelle, which fell to the Canadian Corps on April 12. After that incident, the German forces had no choice but to retreat. This quick battle was successful due to a mix of tactical and technical innovation, powerful artillery support, extensive training, and thought-out planning. This event is a defining moment for Canada because it was the first time that all four sectors of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle as a whole, therefore becoming a Canadian Nationalistic symbol of sacrifice and great achievement. â€Å"The Canadian success at Vimy demonstrated that no position was invulnerable to a meticulously planned and conducted assault. This success had a profound effect on Allied planning. Though the victory at Vimy came swiftly, it did not come without cost. There were 3,598 dead out of 10,602 Canadian casualties. After Vimy, the Canadian Corps went from one success to another, to be crowned by their achievements in the 1918 â€Å"advance to victory†. This record won for Canada a separate signature on the Versailles Peace Treaty ending the War.†(Battle of Vimy Ridge) The second definitive moment of the 20th century was the Dieppe Raid. This event was a World War II attack on the German occupied port of Dieppe on August 19,1942. The raid took place on the northern coast of France, and began around 5 am. Allied commanders were forced to call a retreat, a mere 6 hours later. Objectives included seizing and holding a major port to prove that it was possible and also to gather information. Allies also planned on destroying coastal defences, port structures, and all strategic buildings. The allied countries knew that they would eventually have to attack, so they figured they needed the practice. Another goal was to take some of Hitler’s attention off of trying to invade Russia. The plan was to use 5000 Canadians and have a 1-day attack and retreat on the Nazi-held coastal town of Dieppe. The plan was also to be secretive and attack at dark. None of these objectives were met. â€Å"The Soviet Union was pressuring the Allies to open a second front in Western Europe. The Allies, however, needed to build up their military resources before undertaking a full campaign. They felt that a large raid on the coast of France could force the Germans to divert more of their military resources away from the Soviet Union and also help in the planning for the full-scale assault to come. â€Å"(Canada Remembers) The first mistake was that they reached Dieppe in broad daylight, making this â€Å"surprise attack† not very surprising. Also, the Dieppe forces became on high alert at Dieppe because French agents warned them that the British were showing a great deal of interest in the area. When the Allied forces arrived at the port city, its flanking cliffs were well defended. Thesoldiers were met with very heavy machine gun fire from little stations dug into overlooking cliffs. The Allied fire support was not nearly adequate enough and the attackers were basically trapped on the beach by series of obstacles and never-ending German fire. After less than 6 hours, the Allies were forced to surrender and many of the soldiers were stranded on the port, to be k illed or to be taken prisoner by the Germans. The Allied forces were beaten severely, they definitely lost this battle, and they lost it hard. Numerous tactical and technical errors were made, resulting in huge amounts of Canadian deaths. â€Å"The raid was a disaster: More than 900 Canadian soldiers were killed, and thousands more were wounded and taken prisoner. Despite the bloodshed, the raid provided valuable lessons for subsequent Allied amphibious assaults on Africa, Italy and Normandy. â€Å"(Herd) This was, after all, one of the first attempts by the Allies on a German-held port. This was an important, defining moment for Canadians because the lessons learned there became the guidelines of what not to do in regards to future endeavours, and influenced preparations for the highly successful Normandy landings. The last definitive moment of the 20th century was the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) on June 6, 1944. The Allies attacked the German-held beaches of Normandy, France towards the end of World War II. The landings were done in two phases; the first was an airborne assault landing consisting of 24 000 British, US, and Canadian soldiers shortly after midnight. The second was an amphibious landing around 6:30 am of Allied infantry. This attack was executed by all elements: land, sea, and air. The invasion required transportation of soldiers, and materials from England by aircraft and ships. These particular landings took place on an 20 km stretch of the Normandy coast on 5 seperate beach areas: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The British armies took control over Sword and Gold, US took charge over Utah and Omaha, and Canadian forces stormed Juno. â€Å"On June 6th, 1944, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Armoured Brigade were tasked with establishing a bridgehead on the beach codenamed â€Å"Juno†. This was an eight-kilometre long stretch of beach bordering Saint-Aubin, Bernieres, Courseulles-sur-Mer and Graye-sur-Mer. Assault troops were then to move towards the Carpiquet airfield, 18 kilometres inland. The 3rd Infantry Division, under Major-General R. F. L. Keller, was under command of the Second British Army. It was flanked on the left by the 3rd British Infantry Division that was to land on Sword beach (Lion-sur-Mer, Langrune-sur-Mer). To the right, the 50th British Division had as its target â€Å"Gold Beach† (La Riviere, Le Hamel, and Arromanches).†(D-Day) Unlike the previous, unsuccessful raid at Dieppe, surprise was achieved at Normandy, thanks to bad weather and a very successful deception plan deployed in the months prior to the attack. The deceptive plan was used to distract Germany’s attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy. Another key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that landings would occur at the Pas-de-Calais. At the same time of the attack, there were also decoy operations taking place. â€Å"Fourteen thousand young Canadians stormed Juno Beach on D-Day. Their courage, determination and self-sacrifice were the immediate reasons for the success in those critical hours. The fighting they endured was fierce and frightening. The price they paid was high – the battles for the beachhead cost 340 Canadian lives and another 574 wounded. â€Å"(Juno Beach) By the end of D-Day, 30 000 Canadians had been successfully landed and all had penetrated further into France than any other Allied force! This was a defining moment for the country of Canada because, after all the previous, unsuccessful missions, they deserved a glorious victory. That is definitely what they got! All their hard work; preparing weapons, planting decoys, and all their extensive planning made this invasion so successful, and all the tedious work paid off. This event is definitive for me because my great-grandfather was involved in this attack, and thankfully returned home from it. There were definitely more than three defining moments for Canada during the 20th century, but the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, and the Invasion of Normandy were three of the most significant. These events helped Canada grow as a nation, and made Canadians even more proud of their heritage and their country.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 2

I don't really have anything against Canadians. They're nice. Really nice. But that didn't mean I wanted to go curling with them, and there was always a danger that if Jerome was in the right mood, he might decide to make this temporary assignment a permanent one. I didn't think he would, though. Underneath all the gruffness, Jerome liked me-inasmuch as a demon could truly like anyone. Admittedly, he'd liked me a little less since Seth had turned my life upside down last fall, but when I wasn't sporting massive attitude, I think I amused Jerome. Amusing things are few in the face of eternity, so hopefully that would be enough to ensure my job security. I left Belltown and headed over to Queen Anne, another Seattle neighborhood. I both lived and worked in Queen Anne, and if I was about to disappear for a while, my mortal employer should probably know. Unfortunately, going into work meant facing some unpleasant things that I wasn't really in the mood for tonight. â€Å"Georgina! What are you doing here?† Maddie Sato, the Brutus to my Caesar, came scurrying up to me as I entered Emerald City Books and Caf? ¦. In Maddie's defense, she hadn't known Seth and I were dating when they'd slept together. So, it wasn't like she'd knowingly stolen him from me. That didn't really change my feelings toward either of them, though. â€Å"I need to see Warren,† I said, suspecting I probably reeked of vodka and smoke. â€Å"Is he here?† She shook her head, making her glossy black hair sway. It was worn in a long, sleek style I'd taught her how to do. â€Å"He left about an hour ago. Didn't want to stick around for closing.† I glanced at a clock. I'd barely made it in before they locked the doors. I tapped my foot impatiently, wondering if I should call Warren at home. Finally, I asked, â€Å"You got a sec to go over some schedule stuff? I'm going to be out for a few days†¦or maybe more.† â€Å"Sure,† she said, smiling and showing dimples. â€Å"You want me to grab Doug too?† â€Å"He's here?† Both assistant managers closing in one night. It was a stroke of luck. I headed off to my office while she went to fetch her brother Doug. My desk was organized for a change, and I found the clipboard bearing the schedule for the next couple of weeks. I skimmed it, relieved to see we had a full complement of staff for a change. My immortal friends didn't understand why I cared so much about this job. There had been days recently-days when I didn't want to get out of bed because I was so depressed-that I'd wondered the same thing. But the truth was, eternity was an extremely long time, and I'd spent most of my time always occupied with some activity. It was part of my nature; I couldn't be idle. And sometimes- sometimes -I could get so caught up in the day-to-day affairs of the human world that I could almost pretend for a heartbeat that I was one of them again. â€Å"I don't think we'll need anyone to cover me,† I said when I heard the office door open a few minutes later. â€Å"Someone'll just need to take over my-† I looked up. Maddie had returned, along with Doug, but they weren't alone. Seth was with them. All the easy confidence I'd shown in the store, all the brashness and bravado I'd shown at the club†¦it all shriveled up into a cold, hard knot as I looked at him. Walls slammed down around me. How could he affect me like this, particularly while wearing a Buck Rogers T-shirt? It had been three months. Why wasn't I over him? Why did I still want to cry or break something whenever I saw him? â€Å"Whoa, Kincaid,† said Doug, partially distracting me from my angst. He glanced at my outfit and raised an eyebrow. â€Å"We interrupting your social life?† I wore a knee-length black trench coat over a short red dress. My makeup was done to seductive perfection, whorish dark eyeliner and lipstick to match the dress. Shape-shifting in the car would have been a snap, but I didn't feel like I needed to prove anything here. In fact, I kind of reveled in my tramp look tonight. â€Å"Apparently this is my social life, if I'm pathetic enough to come in on a Saturday night.† I forced myself to focus on Doug and Maddie only, trying hard not to look at Seth's soft, coppery brown hair or gentle eyes. Why did he have to be here of all nights? The answer: he was here every night. He was an author and did his best work in coffee shops. When we'd broken up, he'd tried to tactfully find another and stay away from me, but Maddie-oblivious to his reasons-had begged him to stay at the bookstore's. â€Å"Where are you going?† asked Maddie. â€Å"Is everything okay?† â€Å"Yeah, yeah,† I said brusquely. â€Å"Long story.† I beckoned Maddie and Doug to the clipboard, explaining again how I was pretty sure the store would be fine without my labor, so long as they could cover the tasks I did as manager. We sketched out a brief list of my responsibilities, like payroll and inventory, and began divvying them up. Doug tapped the list. â€Å"I've done all these before, at one time or another. They're no problem. I'll take the first half.† He elbowed his sister. â€Å"What about you? You gonna take the rest and pull your share here?† Maddie pursed her lips. She was immensely talented but suffered from bouts of insecurity, which I'd repeatedly told her was ridiculous. She'd improved a lot over the months-again, thanks to me-but still faltered. â€Å"I didn't realize you did so much. I hope I can learn it all.† â€Å"Stop playing coy. I'll teach you,† said Doug. â€Å"You'll be as good as Kincaid in no time.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said dryly. â€Å"We're practically interchangeable anyway.† Out of the corner of my eye, I saw Seth shift uncomfortably. â€Å"The whole thing seems kind of sketchy, though,† remarked Doug, tilting his head so that his black hair fell away from his face. â€Å"You're going to be gone, but you're not sure when or how long? I thought you were the reliable one around here.† â€Å"It's†¦family stuff,† I told them. â€Å"Just gotta be dealt with. Besides, now you can have a chance to be responsible. You should be thanking me, Doug.† He stuck his tongue out at me. â€Å"Is Warren going to be okay with it?† asked Maddie, still fretting on my behalf. â€Å"Let me deal with Warren,† I assured her. Doug scoffed at that, but Maddie didn't catch on. Warren, the store's marginally moral owner, had been a longtime sex buddy of mine. He gave me about as much energy as Dante, but he was convenient and suited my mood lately. I'd stopped our tryst while dating Seth but had since returned to old habits. Doug had known about my affair with Warren then and now but was tactful enough to leave me to my own choices, aside from the occasional bit of eye rolling. I suspected Seth knew what was going on too, but I didn't care. Warren wasn't going to give me any grief about taking time off. I was too good at what I did, both at work and in the bedroom. We shuffled one shift where I was supposed to have closed, and then I tossed the clipboard back on its pile, suddenly needing to get out of there as soon as possible. â€Å"Alright. Thanks, team. I'll leave you to your work.† â€Å"Off to hit the town?† asked Doug, still amused. â€Å"I can join you in about a half-hour. I know a killer party.† I shook my head. â€Å"Already hit the town. I'm heading home.† â€Å"Loser,† he called after me. Maddie wished me well with my mysterious time off, and then I left them, walking through the store and exchanging greetings with my other co-workers as they scurried around with their closing tasks. I'd nearly made it to the door when I heard someone call my name. I turned and saw Casey hurrying toward me. She was twenty or so and went to the University of Washington. She'd worked here almost the entire time she'd been in college and was one of our best employees. So, I stopped and forced a smile, my eyes straying longingly toward the door. â€Å"Hey, what's up?† She grinned, dark eyes sparkling. â€Å"I wanted to know if you were going to go to my party next weekend,† she said. â€Å"You never answered the e-mail.† I didn't remember any e-mail, but then, I'd been pretty trigger-happy with the delete key lately. â€Å"I didn't get it,† I lied. â€Å"What's going on?† â€Å"It's my graduation party. This Sunday.† I frowned. â€Å"It's April.† â€Å"I'm graduating early. I got all my credits finished up, so I don't have to do spring quarter. Pretty cool, huh?† â€Å"Whoa,† I said, actually impressed. â€Å"That is cool. Math, right?† â€Å"Math and Latvian.† â€Å"Why on earth-never mind.† Now was not the time to pursue why someone of Filipino heritage was studying Baltic languages. â€Å"I wish I could go, but I'm leaving town tomorrow for some family stuff and don't know when I'll be back. I'm really sorry.† Casey's face fell a little, but she told me she understood. And like Maddie, she wished me well and hoped my â€Å"family† business would be taken care of easily. That made two of us. She left me and went to finish her closing tasks. As soon as I cleared the store's door and was outdoors, I stopped and exhaled. Breezy night air washed over me. Being in Seth's presence was smothering. It stirred up too much in me. Even while talking business and numbers with Doug and Maddie, most of my attention had been on Seth-exactly how far away he stood from me, the way he smelled, the way his messy hair stuck up today. Everything else had been background noise compared to him. Reaching into my purse with shaking hands, I pulled out my cigarettes, desperately needing one for the walk home. I'd smoked for a century or so and stopped ten years ago, something I'd been very proud of, even though I was immune to the effects. Stress had driven me to pick up the habit again. I felt a little bad about subjecting others to secondhand smoke, but honestly, smoking was the least of my problems right now. â€Å"Fuck.† I flicked the switch on my lighter and got nothing. Three more flicks produced similar results. Holding the lighter up to my ear, I shook it. Nothing. It was out of fluid. â€Å"Fuck,† I repeated. I only lived a few blocks away, but somehow, that walk was now going to be agony. Suddenly, I heard what sounded like a boot scuff around the corner of the building. Frowning, I took a few steps forward, wondering if anyone was there. This area was pretty safe, but Lower Queen Anne still had its share of vagrants. Yet, when I glanced around the corner, there was no one there. There was, however, a pack of matches lying on the ground. Kneeling down, I picked the book up and examined them. Mark's Mad Martini Bar. I'd been there a long time ago. It was in Upper Queen Anne, not too far away if you didn't mind trekking up the hill. It wasn't unreasonable that a pack of their matches would find their way here. What was weird was that the matches showed up right when I needed them. Behind me, I heard the store's door open. â€Å"Georgina?† I rose and turned sharply around. Seth. â€Å"Hey,† I said, hoping for blandness. The smothering feeling returned. Light from inside the store lit up his features in the twilight, and I ate up every line and angle of his face. His eyes looked dark in the dimness, but in full light, they were brown infused with amber. He stuffed his hands into his pockets, and his gaze wouldn't meet mine. It was painfully reminiscent of how he'd been when we first met, too shy to look directly at me. â€Å"I wanted to see if you were okay,† he said after several awkward moments. I turned the matches over in my hand a couple of times and then placed them in my purse's outer pocket. â€Å"I'm fine,† I said, keeping my voice cool and distant. â€Å"It's just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He relaxed slightly and gave a small, rueful laugh. â€Å"When you're vague about your activities and mention ‘family,' it usually means immortal business. And immortal business always means trouble.† I started to smile, then immediately squelched it. â€Å"Yeah, it does, and believe me, it's a great one this time.† Even after everything that had gone down between us, there was such a comfort and familiarity with him that I immediately wanted to launch in and recap the story for him. I could already see us both laughing at the idea of Canadian Satanists. I could perfectly picture the way Seth would shake his head in exasperation. But it wasn't to be. I was too hurt and too proud to even allow him friendship, so I just shrugged and said, â€Å"But it'll work out. It always does.† â€Å"Yeah†¦but usually not without a lot of hassle. I'm just worried about you, that's all.† â€Å"You don't have to be.† Not anymore . â€Å"I'm not in any danger. Mostly just annoyed.† He opened his mouth to speak, and I knew the gesture. He wanted to argue that there was still cause for concern-but times had changed. He swallowed and let the comment go. More silence fell. I knew I should leave, but somehow, I couldn't make myself do it. He apparently couldn't either. â€Å"You†¦you look really great tonight,† he said at last, still fumbling for conversation. There was a catch in his voice. He knew my looks tonight had to do with more than just my body and outfit. The energy I'd stolen from sleeping with the therapist wreathed me. Life and its power were irresistible to all creatures, mortal and immortal alike. Immortals could literally see that life glowing around me. To mortals, I simply looked beautiful. Unearthly. Perfect. For the sake of politeness, I pretended he was complimenting me for normal things. â€Å"Thanks. I was out with the others when all this†¦stuff†¦went down. It's kind of put a damper on my partying, though.† He nodded by way of answer and shifted so that he actually made eye contact. I wished he hadn't. My heart melted inside me, and I felt a sob building in my chest. Desperate for something to do, I took out the serendipitous matches and lit the cigarette I'd been holding the whole time. I took a long drag and exhaled. Seth stepped back. He wasn't a fan of smoking. It was like I suddenly had armor. â€Å"Well,† I said, feeling bolder, â€Å"I should go home and pack. See you around.† I turned and had only taken a step when he called out to me. â€Å"Georgina?† I glanced back. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Do you†¦um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He faltered, and again, I was reminded of that long-ago Seth. Bittersweet feelings burned within me. â€Å"Do you need someone to feed your cat?† I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. â€Å"No, but thanks. Cody'll do it.† I spoke the next words, fully knowing they'd inflict damage. â€Å"Or Dante will.† Seth flinched, and somehow, I felt both triumphant and sad at the same time. â€Å"No problem,† he said haltingly. â€Å"Just thought I'd, you know, check.† â€Å"Thanks,† I said again. We held each other's gazes a few more moments, and then I turned away and walked off into the night.

The Bracero Program Cheap Labor for US Farms

From 1942 to 1964, the Bracero Program allowed millions of Mexican citizens to enter the United States temporarily to work on farms, railroads, and in factories. Today, as immigration reform and foreign guest worker programs remain contentious topics of public debate, it is important to understand the details and impacts of this program on American history and society. Key Takeaways: The Bracero Program The Bracero Program was an agreement between the United States and Mexico that allowed nearly 4.6 million Mexican citizens to enter the U.S. temporarily to work on farms, railroads, and in factories between 1942 and 1964.The Bracero Program was originally intended to help American farms and factories remain productive during World War II.Bracero farm workers suffered racial and wage discrimination, along with substandard working and living conditions.Despite the mistreatment of the workers, the Bracero Program led to positive changes in U.S. immigration and labor policy. What Is the Bracero Program? The Bracero Program—from a Spanish meaning â€Å"one who works using his arms†Ã¢â‚¬â€was a series of laws and bi-lateral diplomatic agreements initiated on August 4, 1942, between the governments of the United States and Mexico, which both encouraged and allowed Mexican citizens to enter and remain in the U.S. temporarily while working under short-term labor contracts. The first Mexican bracero workers were admitted on September 27, 1942, and by the time the program ended in 1964, nearly 4.6 million Mexican citizens had been legally hired to work in the United States, mainly on farms in Texas, California, and the Pacific Northwest. With many workers returning several times under different contracts, the Bracero Program remains the largest contract labor program in U.S. history. Prophetically, an earlier bi-lateral Mexican guest farm worker program between 1917 and 1921 had left the Mexican government dissatisfied because of the numerous incidents of racial and wage discrimination experienced by many of the braceros. Background: Driving Factors The Bracero Program was intended as a solution to the tremendous labor shortage created in the United States by World War II. While women and men of all ages worked around the clock in factories, the healthiest and strongest young Americans were fighting the war. As droves of American farm workers either joined the military or took better-paying jobs in the defense industry, the U.S. looked to Mexico as a ready source of labor. Days after Mexico declared war on the Axis nations on June 1, 1942, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt asked the Department of State to negotiate an agreement with Mexico on the importation of foreign labor. Providing the U.S. with laborers allowed Mexico to aid the Allied war effort while bolstering its own struggling economy. Details of the Bracero Program The Bracero Program was established by an executive order issued by President Roosevelt in July 1942 and formally initiated on August 4, 1942, when representatives of the United States and Mexico signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement. While intended to last only until the end of the war, the program was extended by the Migrant Labor Agreement in 1951 and was not terminated until the end of 1964. Over the program’s 22-year duration, U.S. employers provided jobs to nearly 5 million braceros in 24 states. Under the basic terms of the agreement, temporary Mexican farm workers were to be paid a minimum wage of 30 cents an hour and guaranteed decent living conditions, including sanitation, housing, and food. The agreement also promised that bracero workers were to be protected from racial discrimination, such as being excluded from public facilities posted as â€Å"whites only.† Problems With the Bracero Program While the Bracero Program did assist the United States war effort and forever advanced the productivity of American agriculture, it suffered from significant political and social problems. Illegal Immigration From 1942 to 1947, only about 260,000 Mexican braceros were hired, amounting to less than 10 percent of the total number of workers hired in the U.S. over the period. However, American growers became increasingly dependent on Mexican workers and found it easier to go around the Bracero Program’s complicated contract process by hiring undocumented immigrants. In addition, the Mexican government’s inability to process the unexpectedly large number of program applicants prompted many Mexican citizens to enter the U.S. illegally. By the time the program ended in 1964, the number of Mexican workers who had entered the U.S. illegally surpassed the nearly 5 million legally-processed braceros. In 1951, President Harry Truman extended the Bracero Program. However, by 1954, the rapidly growing number of undocumented migrants drove the United States to launch Operation Wetback—still the largest deportation sweep in American history. Over the two years of the operation, over 1.1 million illegal workers were returned to Mexico. Northwestern Bracero Labor Strikes Between 1943 and 1954, over a dozen strikes and work stoppages were staged, mainly in the Pacific Northwest, by braceros protesting racial discrimination, low wages, and poor working and living conditions. The most notable of these was the 1943 strike at the Blue Mountain Cannery in Dayton, Washington, during which Mexican braceros and Japanese-American workers joined forces. The U.S. government had allowed 10,000 of the some 120,000 Japanese Americans who had been forced into internment camps during World War II to leave the camps and work alongside Mexican braceros on farms in the Pacific Northwest. In late July 1943, a white female Dayton resident claimed that she had been assaulted by a local farm worker she described as â€Å"looking Mexican.† Without investigating the alleged incident, the Dayton sheriff’s office immediately imposed a â€Å"restriction order† prohibiting all â€Å"males of Japanese and or Mexican extraction† from entering any residential district of the city.   Calling the order a case of racial discrimination, some 170 Mexican braceros and 230 Japanese-American farm workers went on strike just as the pea harvest was about to begin. Concerned for the success of the critical harvest, local officials called for the U.S. government to send in Army troops to force the striking workers back into the fields. However, after several meetings between government and local officials and representatives of the workers, the restriction order was rescinded and the sheriff’s office agreed to drop any further investigation of the alleged assault. Two days later, the strike ended as the workers returned to the fields to complete a record pea harvest.   Most of the bracero strikes took place in the Pacific Northwest because of the region’s distance from the Mexican border. Employers in the states adjoining the border from California to Texas found it easier to threaten braceros with deportation. Knowing they could be easily and quickly replaced, braceros in the Southwest were more likely to grudgingly accept lower wages and worse living and working conditions than those in the Northwest. Mistreatment of the Braceros Throughout its 40-year existence, the Bracero Program was besieged by accusations from civil rights and farm labor activists like Cesar Chavez that many braceros suffered gross mistreatment—sometimes bordering on slavery—at the hands of their U.S. employers. Braceros complained of unsafe housing, overt racial discrimination, repeated disputes over unpaid wages, the absence of health care, and lack of representation. In some cases, workers were housed in converted barns or tents without running water or sanitary facilities. They were often herded on poorly maintained and unsafely driven buses and trucks to be taken to and from the fields. Despite the back-breaking â€Å"stoop labor† and mistreatment, most braceros endured the conditions with expectations of making more money than they could in Mexico. In her 1948 book â€Å"Latin Americans in Texas,† author Pauline R. Kibbe, executive secretary of the Good Neighbor Commission of Texas, wrote that a bracero in West Texas was: â€Å"...regarded as a necessary evil, nothing more nor less than an unavoidable adjunct to the harvest season. Judging by the treatment that has been accorded him in that section of the state, one might assume that he is not a human being at all, but a species of farm implement that comes mysteriously and spontaneously into being coincident with the maturing of cotton, that requires no upkeep or special consideration during the period of its usefulness, needs no protection from the elements, and when the crop has been harvested, vanishes into the limbo of forgotten things until the next harvest season rolls around. He has no past, no future, only a brief and anonymous present.† Mexican Migrant Family Leaving to Help Harvest Across the Border. Corbis Historical/Getty Images After the Braceros Came the A-TEAM When the Bracero Program ended in 1964, American farmers complained to the government that the Mexican workers had done jobs that Americans refused to do and that their crops would rot in the fields without them. In response, U.S. Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, on May 5, 1965— ironically Cinco de Mayo, a Mexican holiday—announced a plan intended to replace at least some of the hundreds of thousands of Mexican farm workers with healthy young Americans. Called the A-TEAM, an acronym for Athletes in Temporary Employment as Agricultural Manpower, the plan called for the recruitment of up to 20,000 male American high school athletes to work on farms in California and Texas during summer harvest seasons. Citing the farm labor shortage and the lack of part-time jobs for high school students, Sec. Wirtz stated of the young athletes, â€Å"They can do the work. They are entitled to a chance at it.† However, as the farmers had predicted, fewer than 3,500 A-TEAM recruits ever signed up to work their fields, and many of them soon quit or went on strike complaining of the back-breaking nature of harvesting ground-growing crops, the oppressive heat, low pay, and poor living conditions. The Department of Labor permanently benched the A-TEAM after the first summer. The Legacy of the Bracero Program The story of the Bracero Program is one of struggle and success. While many bracero workers suffered severe exploitation and discrimination, their experiences would contribute to lasting positive impacts on U.S. immigration and labor policy. American farmers quickly adjusted to the end of the Bracero Program, as by the end of 1965, some 465,000 migrants made up a record 15 percent of the 3.1 million employed U.S. farm workers. Many U.S. farm owners created labor associations that increased labor market efficiency, reduced labor costs, and increased the average wages of all farm workers—immigrant and American alike. For example, the average pay for lemon harvesters in Ventura County, California, increased from $1.77 per hour in 1965 to $5.63 by 1978.   Another outgrowth of the Bracero Program was the rapid increase in development of labor-saving farm mechanization. The increasing ability of machines—rather than hands—to harvest staple crops like tomatoes helped establish American farms as the most productive on the planet today. Finally, the Bracero Program led to the successful unionization of farm workers. Formed in 1962, the United Farm Workers, headed by Cesar Chavez, organized American farm workers into a cohesive and powerful collective bargaining unit for the first time. According to political scientist Manuel Garcia y Griego, the Bracero Program â€Å"left an important legacy for the economies, migration patterns, and politics of the United States and Mexico.†Ã‚   Sources and Suggested References Scruggs, Otey M. Evolution of the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement of 1942 Agricultural History Vol. 34, No. 3.Bittersweet Harvest: The Bracero Program 1942 - 1964 National Museum of American History (2013).Kibbe, Pauline R. Latin Americans in Texas The University of New Mexico Press (1948)Clemens, Michael A.; Lewis, Ethan G.; Postel, Hannah M. (June 2018). Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy: Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion American Economic Review.Braceros: History, Compensation Rural Migration News. April 2006, Volume 12, Number 2. The University of California Davis.Garcà ­a y Griego, Manuel. The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States, 1942–1964 Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources (1996)